tugas ruth apriyana tri ayu: ADVERB VS ADJECTIVE, DEGREE OF COMPARISSON


	ADVERB VS ADJECTIVES AND DEGREE OF COMPARISON

Name : Ruth Apriyana Tri Ayu

Class : 4EA17

NPM : 19211500

1. Adverb Vs Adjectives

1) Adverb

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, other adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc. Answering questions such as how, in what way, when, where and to what extent. This function is called the adverbial function, and may be realised by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).

2) Adjectives

Adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun that can be a person (person), where (place), animal (animal), objects or abstract concepts. English adjective is one of the eight parts of speech.

v Type Of Adjectives

a. Adjectives Modify Nouns

The word elephant is a noun. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, what colour, which one or how many. Adjectives are said to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.

Examples:

- Follow the yellow cab.

(In this example, the adjective yellow modifies the noun cab.)

- Craig caught a large bass.

(In this example, the adjective large modifies the noun bass.)

- The principal words should be in bold.

(Beware of the adjective principal - see right)

b. Adjectives Modify Pronouns

Although less common, adjectives can also modify pronouns.

Examples:

- It is a blue one.

(In this example, the adjective blue modifies the pronoun one.)

v The Different Types Of Adjectives

Adjectives are describing words. However, there are many other words that are classified as adjectives, some of which do not fall easily under this description.

o Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used to show possession. They are my, your,his, her, its, our and their. (They are a type of possessive pronoun.)

o The Articles

The words a, an, and the are known as articles. They are classified as adjectives. A and an are called the indefinite articles because they are used to indicate non-specific people or things. The is called the definite article because it does indicate a specific person or thing.

o Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to demonstrate or indicate specific things. This, that, these and those are all demonstrative adjectives. If I hear that parrot again, I will call the RSPCA.

o Indefinite Adjectives

Unlike demonstrative adjectives, which indicate specific items, indefinite adjectives do not point out specific things. They are formed fromindefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are no, any,many, few and several.

o Numbers

Numbers are classified as adjectives too.

- Four dolphins stayed with the boat until dawn.

(The adjective four modifies the noun dolphins.)

- All we could muster was 9 cans of beans.

(The adjective 9 modifies the noun cans.)

3) The Use Of Adverb and Adjectives

§ Adverbs are used to give us more information about a verb. They give us information on how something happens or how something is done.


	Verb + adverb

For example:

· She cried badly when her dog died.

↓ ↓

Verb Adverb

· He easily climbed the wall.

↓ ↓

Verb Adverb

Many English adverbs end in –ly. They are often made by adding –ly to the end of an adjective: quick + ly = quickly

Sometimes adjectives end in –ly.

For example: Friendly, lonely and lovely.

Note :


	No adverb with the following verbs → Forms of to be: am, is, are, was, were, have been, had been, will be.

§ Adjectives

Adjectives are used to tell us about nouns. They tell us about people and things.

For example :

o That was a bad film.

↓

Adjectives

o My exam was easy.

↓

Adjectives

§ Adverb + adjective

Adverbs can be used with adjectives. Take a look at the following examples:


	Adverb+adjective

Example :

o Her necklace was horribly expensive.

↓ ↓

Adverb Adjectives

o She was terribly sorry.

↓ ↓

Adverb Adjectives

4) The Difference Of Adverb and Adjective

o An adjective tells us more about a noun.

Example: an expensive car, a clever girl

o An adverb tells us more about a verb.

Example: He talked nervously.

2. Degree Of Comparisson

1) Definition

When adjectives and adverbs are used in comparisons, they take differnt forms. The form an adjective or adverb takes depends on how many things are being compared. The different forms of comparison are called degrees of comparison.

a. Possitive Degree

Of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the more existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.


	as + adjective (kata sifat) + as not so + adjective (kata sifat) + as the same + noun (kata benda) + as

Note :

Using not so only to sentence negative, and as can in use to sentence positive, negative and interrogative.

Ø Degree of Equality

- Positive degree is used to compare two things which are equal in status or same quality.

Note : Here the adjective in positive form is used with conjuction;

as + adjective + as

Example :

- A grape is as delicious as a banana.

- Ayu is as pretty as Tina.

- Dimas is as big as Leo.

- Diamond is as expensive as silver.

- Siska is as rich as Ani.

Ø Degree of Inequality

Positive degree is also used to compare two things which are not equal & do not have same status.

Note : Here the adjective in positive form is joined with the conjunction not so ‐ as to express inequality.

Not so+ adjective + as

Example :

o Gold is not so useful as Iron.

o Hindi is not so difficult as Sanskrit.

o The city bus is not so crowded as it was yesterday.

b. Comparative Degree

Denotes the existence of a higher degree of the quality than the positive. It is used when two things (or two sets of things) are compared.

Note : Here the adjectives of comparative degree are followed by “than”, thus this kind of comparison is called Comparative degree.

Example :

§ This building is taller than any other building.

§ Apple is sweeter than orange.

§ River Nile in Africa is longer than river Ganga in India.

§ The peaks of Himalayas are higher than any other mountain peaks in India.

§ Hotel Taj is bigger than Hotel Meridian in Mumbai.

c. Superlative Degree

Denotes the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things are compared.

Note : Here the adjective in superlative degree is preceded by the, thus

such sentences are said to be in Superlative degree .

Example :

§ Rose is the most beautiful flower.

§ Johny is the kindest of all.

§ Brown is the strongest man of all.

§ Heri is the most intelligent of the three boys.

§ Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.

By adding ‘er’ and ‘est’
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Bright	brighter	Brightest
Black	blacker	Blackest
Bold	bolder	Boldest
Clever	cleverer	Cleverest
Cold	colder	Coldest
Fast	faster	Fastest
Great	greater	Greatest
High	higher	Highest
Kind	kinder	Kindest
Long	longer	Longest
Small	smaller	Smallest
Strong	stronger	Strongest
Sweet	sweeter	Sweetest
Tall	taller	Tallest
Young	younger	Youngest

By adding ‘r’ and ‘st’
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Brave	braver	bravest
Fine	finer	finest
Large	larger	largest
Nice	nicer	nicest
Noble	nobler	noblest
Pale	paler	palest
Simple	simpler	simplest
Wise	wiser	wisest
White	whiter	whitest

By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Costly	costlier	costliest
Dry	drier	driest
Easy	easier	easiest
Happy	happier	happiest
Heavy	heavier	heaviest
Lazy	lasier	lasiest
Mercy	mercier	merciest
Wealthy	wealthier	wealthiest

By doubling the final consonats
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Big	bigger	biggest
Dim	dimmer	dimmest
Fat	fatter	fattest
Hot	hotter	hottest
Thin	thinner	Thinnest

By using more and most
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Active	more active	most active
Attractive	more attractive	most attractive
Beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
Brilliant	more brilliant	most brilliant
Careful	more careful	most careful
Courageous	more courageous	most courageous
Cunning	more cunning	most cunning
Difficult	more difficult	most difficult
Famous	more famous	most famous
Faithful	more faithful	most faithful
Proper	more proper	most proper
Popular	more popular	most popular
Splendid	more splendid	most splendid

Irregular Comparisons
POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Bad	worse	worst
Evil	worse	worst
Good	better	best
Ill	worse	worst
Far	farther	farthest
Well	better	best
Late	later	latest
Little	less	least
Much	more	most
Many	more	most
Near	nearer	Nearest
Old	older	Oldest
Old	elder	Eldest

Positive	Comparative
Johnsy is as clever as Rosy	Rosy is not clever than Johnsy
Benjamin is atleast as tall as Jane	Jane is not taller than Benjamin

Comparative	Positive
Lazar is brighter than Stalin	Stalin is not so bright as Lazar

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
Akthar is the richest man in Kanpur	Akthar is richer than any other man in Kanpur	No other man in Kanpur is so rich as Akthar

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
London is one of the biggest city in England	London is bigger than most other city in England	Very few cities in England are so big as London

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
Sheakespear is the greatest of all dramatists	Shakespeare is greater than all other dramatists	No other dramatist is so great as Shakespeare

Positive	Comparative
Lazar is as strong as Lenin	Lenin is not less strong than Lazar

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Some boys in our class are at least as intelligent as Benjamin	Some boys in our class are not intelligent than Benjamin	Benjamin is not the most intelligent boy in our class